Disasters in Space Flight :: Essays Papers

Disasters in Space Flight On January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of the Apollo 4, were doing a test countdown on the launch pad. Gus Grissom was in charge. His crew were Edward H. White, the first American to walk in space, and Roger B. Chaffee, a naval officer going up for the first time. 182 feet below, R.C.A technician Gary Propst was seated in front of a bank of television monitors, listening to the crew radio channel and watching various televisions for important activity. Inside the Apollo 4 there was a metal door with a sharp edge. Each time the door was open and shut, it scraped against an environmental control unit wire. The repeated abrasion had exposed two tiny sections of wire. A spark alone would not cause a fire, but just below the cuts in the cable was a length of aluminum tubing, which took a ninety-degree turn. There were hundreds of these turns in the whole capsule. The aluminum tubing carried a glycol cooling fluid, which is not flammable, but when exposed to air it turns to flammable fumes. The capsule was filled with pure oxygen in an effort to allow the astronauts to work more efficiently. It also turns normally not so flammable items to highly flammable items. Raschel netting that was highly flammable in the pure oxygen environment was near the exposed section of the wires. At 6:31:04 p.m. the Raschel netting burst into an open flame. A second after the netting burst into flames, the first message came over the crew's radio channel: "Fire," Grissom said. Two Seconds later, Chaffee said clearly, "We've got a fire in the cockpit." His tone was businesslike (Murray 191). There was no camera in the cabin, but a remote control camera, if zoomed in on the porthole could provide a partial, shadowy view of the interior of the space craft. There was a lot of motion, Propst explained, as White seemed to fumble with something and then quickly pull his arms back, then reach out again. Another pair of arms came into view from the left, Grissom's, as the flames spread from the far left-hand corner of the spacecraft toward the porthole (Murray 192). The crew struggled for about 30 seconds after their suits failed, and then died of asphyxiation, not the heat. To get out of the capsule astronauts had to remove three separate hatches, atleast 90 seconds was required to open all three hatches. Disasters in Space Flight :: Essays Papers Disasters in Space Flight On January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of the Apollo 4, were doing a test countdown on the launch pad. Gus Grissom was in charge. His crew were Edward H. White, the first American to walk in space, and Roger B. Chaffee, a naval officer going up for the first time. 182 feet below, R.C.A technician Gary Propst was seated in front of a bank of television monitors, listening to the crew radio channel and watching various televisions for important activity. Inside the Apollo 4 there was a metal door with a sharp edge. Each time the door was open and shut, it scraped against an environmental control unit wire. The repeated abrasion had exposed two tiny sections of wire. A spark alone would not cause a fire, but just below the cuts in the cable was a length of aluminum tubing, which took a ninety-degree turn. There were hundreds of these turns in the whole capsule. The aluminum tubing carried a glycol cooling fluid, which is not flammable, but when exposed to air it turns to flammable fumes. The capsule was filled with pure oxygen in an effort to allow the astronauts to work more efficiently. It also turns normally not so flammable items to highly flammable items. Raschel netting that was highly flammable in the pure oxygen environment was near the exposed section of the wires. At 6:31:04 p.m. the Raschel netting burst into an open flame. A second after the netting burst into flames, the first message came over the crew's radio channel: "Fire," Grissom said. Two Seconds later, Chaffee said clearly, "We've got a fire in the cockpit." His tone was businesslike (Murray 191). There was no camera in the cabin, but a remote control camera, if zoomed in on the porthole could provide a partial, shadowy view of the interior of the space craft. There was a lot of motion, Propst explained, as White seemed to fumble with something and then quickly pull his arms back, then reach out again. Another pair of arms came into view from the left, Grissom's, as the flames spread from the far left-hand corner of the spacecraft toward the porthole (Murray 192). The crew struggled for about 30 seconds after their suits failed, and then died of asphyxiation, not the heat. To get out of the capsule astronauts had to remove three separate hatches, atleast 90 seconds was required to open all three hatches.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 1

I wished the guy on top of me would hurry up because I was getting bored. Unfortunately, it didn't seem like he was going to finish anytime soon. Brad or Brian or whatever his name was thrust away, eyes squeezed shut with such concentration that you would have thought having sex was on par with brain surgery or lifting steel beams. â€Å"Brett,† I panted. It was time to pull out the big guns. He opened one eye. â€Å"Bryce.† â€Å"Bryce.† I put on my most passionate, orgasmic face. â€Å"Please†¦please†¦don't stop.† His other eye opened. Both went wide. A minute later, it was all over. â€Å"Sorry,† he gasped, rolling off me. He looked mortified. â€Å"I don't know†¦didn't mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It's okay, baby.† I felt only a little bad about using the don't stop trick on him. It didn't always work, but for some guys, planting that seed completely undid them. â€Å"It was amazing.† And really, that wasn't entirely a lie. The sex itself had been mediocre, but the rush afterward†¦the feel of his life and his soul pouring into me†¦yeah. That was pretty amazing. It was what a succubus like me literally lived for. He gave me a weary smile. The energy he'd had now flowed in my body. Its loss had exhausted him, burned him out. He'd sleep soon and would probably continue sleeping a great deal over the next few days. His soul had been a good one, and I'd taken a lot of it – as well as his life itself. He'd now live a few years less, thanks to me. I tried not to think about that as I hurriedly put on my clothes. Instead, I focused on how I'd done what I had to do for my own survival. Plus, my infernal masters required me to seduce and corrupt good souls on a regular basis. Bad men might make me feel less guilty, but they didn't fulfill Hell's quota. Bryce seemed surprised at my abrupt departure but was too worn out to fight it. I promised to call him – having no intention of doing so – and slipped out of the room as he lapsed into unconsciousness. I'd barely cleared his front door before shape-shifting. I'd come to him as a tall, sable-haired woman but now once again wore my preferred shape, petite with hazel-green eyes and light brown hair that flirted with gold. Like most of my life, my features danced between states, never entirely settling on one. I put Bryce out of my mind, just like I did with most men I slept with, and drove across town to what was rapidly becoming my second home. It was a tan, stucco condo, set into a community of other condos that tried desperately to be as hip as new construction in Seattle could manage. I parked my Passat out front, fished my key out of my purse, and let myself inside. The condo was still and quiet, wrapped in darkness. A nearby clock informed me it was three in the morning. Walking toward the bedroom, I shape-shifted again, swapping my clothes for a red nightgown. I froze in the bedroom's doorway, surprised to feel my breath catch in my throat. You'd think after all this time, I would have gotten used to him, that he wouldn't affect me like this. But he did. Every time. Seth lay sprawled on the bed, one arm tossed over his head. His breathing came deep and fitful, and the sheets lay in a tangle around his long, lean body. Moonlight muted out the color of his hair, but in the sun, its light brown would pick up a russet glow. Seeing him, studying him, I felt my heart swell in my chest. I'd never expected to feel this way about anyone again, not after centuries of feeling so†¦empty. Bryce had meant nothing to me, but this man before me meant everything. I slid into bed beside him, and his arms instantly went around me. I think it was instinctual. The connection between us was so deep that even while unconscious, we couldn't stay away from each other. I pressed my cheek to Seth's chest, and his skin warmed mine as I fell asleep. The guilt from Bryce faded, and soon, there was only Seth and my love for him. I slipped almost immediately into a dream. Except, well, I wasn't actually in it, at least not in the active sense. I was watching myself, seeing the events unfold as though at a movie. Only, unlike a movie, I could feel every detail. The sights, the sounds†¦it was almost more vivid than real life. The other Georgina was in a kitchen, one I didn't recognize. It was bright and modern, far larger than anything I could imagine a non-cook like me needing. My dream-self stood at the sink, arms elbow-deep in sudsy water that smelled like oranges. She was hand-washing dishes, which surprised my real-self – but was doing a shoddy job, which did not surprise me. On the floor, an actual dishwasher lay in pieces, thus explaining the need for manual labor. From another room, the sounds of â€Å"Sweet Home Alabama† carried to my ears. My dream-self hummed along as she washed, and in that surreal, dream sort of way, I could feel her happiness. She was content, filled with a joy so utterly perfect, I could barely comprehend it. Even with Seth, I'd rarely ever felt so happy – and I was pretty damned happy with him. I couldn't imagine what could make my dream-self feel this way, particularly while doing something as mundane as washing dishes. I woke up. To my surprise, it was full morning, bright and sunny. I'd had no sense of time passing. The dream had seemed to last only a minute, yet the nearby alarm clock claimed six hours had passed. The loss of the happiness my dream-self had experienced made me ache. Weirder than that, I felt†¦not right. It took me a moment to peg the problem: I was drained. The life energy I needed to survive, the energy I'd stolen from Bryce, was almost gone. In fact, I had less now than I'd had before going to bed with him. It made no sense. A burst of life like that should have lasted a couple weeks at least, yet I was nearly as wiped out as he'd been. I wasn't low enough to start losing my shape-shifting ability, but I'd need a new fix within a couple of days. â€Å"What's wrong?† Seth's sleepy voice came from beside me. I rolled over and found him propped on one elbow, watching me with a small, sweet smile. I didn't want to explain what had happened. Doing so would mean elaborating on what I'd done with Bryce, and while Seth theoretically knew what I did to survive, ignorance really was bliss. â€Å"Nothing,† I lied. I was a good liar. He touched my cheek. â€Å"I missed you last night.† â€Å"No, you didn't. You were busy with Cady and O'Neill.† His smile turned wry, but even as it did, I could see his eyes start to take on the dreamy, inward look he got when he thought about the characters in his novels. I'd made kings and generals beg for my love in my long life, yet some days, even my charms couldn't compete with the people who lived in Seth's head. Fortunately, today wasn't one of those days, and his attention focused back on me. â€Å"Nah. They don't look as good in a nightgown. That's very Anne Sexton, by the way. Like ‘candy store cinnamon hearts.'† Only Seth would use a bipolar poet as a compliment. I glanced down and ran an absentminded hand over the red silk. â€Å"This does look pretty good,† I admitted. â€Å"I might look better in this than I do naked.† He scoffed. â€Å"No, Thetis. You do not.† I smiled, as I always did, when he used the pet name he coined for me. In Greek mythology, Thetis had been Achilles' mother, a shape-shifting goddess won by a determined mortal. And then, in what was an astonishingly aggressive move for him, Seth flipped me onto my back and began kissing my neck. â€Å"Hey,† I said, putting up a half-hearted struggle. â€Å"We don't have time for this. I have stuff to do. And I want breakfast.† â€Å"Noted,† he mumbled, moving on to my mouth. I stopped my complaining. Seth was a wonderful kisser. He gave the kind of kisses that melted into your mouth and filled you with sweetness. They were like cotton candy. But there was no real melting to be had, not for us. With a well-practiced sense of timing that you could probably set a watch to, he pulled away from the kiss and sat up, removing his hands as well. Still smiling, he looked down at me and my undignified sprawl. I smiled back, squelching the small pang of regret that always came at these moments of retreat. But that was the way it was with us, and honestly, we had a pretty good system going when one considered all the complications in our relationship. My friend Hugh once had joked that all women steal men's souls if they're together long enough. In my case, it didn't taken years of bickering. A too-long kiss would suffice. Such was the life of a succubus. I didn't make the rules, and I had no way to stop the involuntary energy theft that came from intimate physical contact. I could, however, control whether that physical contact happened in the first place, and I made sure it didn't. I ached for Seth, but I wouldn't steal his life as I had Bryce's. I sat as well, ready to get up, but Seth must have been feeling bold this morning. He wrapped his arms around my waist and shifted me onto his lap, pressing himself against my back so that his lightly stubbled face buried itself in my neck and hair. I felt his body tremble with the intake of a heavy, deep breath. He exhaled it just as slowly, like he sought control of himself, and then strengthened his grip on me. â€Å"Georgina,† he breathed against my skin. I closed my eyes, and the playfulness was gone. A dark intensity wrapped around us, one that burned with both desire and a fear of what might come. â€Å"Georgina,† he repeated. His voice was low, husky. I felt like melting again. â€Å"Do you know why they say succubi visit men in their sleep?† â€Å"Why?† My own voice was small. â€Å"Because I dream about you every night.† In most circumstances, that would have sounded trite, but from him, it was powerful and hungry. I squeezed my eyes tighter as a swirl of emotions danced within me. I wanted to cry. I wanted to make love to him. I wanted to scream. It was all too much sometimes. Too much emotion. Too much danger. Too much, too much. Opening my eyes, I shifted so that I could see his face. We held each other's gazes, both of us wanting more and unable to give or take it. Breaking the look first, I slipped regretfully from his embrace. â€Å"Come on. Let's go eat.† Seth lived in Seattle's university district – the U-district to locals – and was within easy walking distance to assorted shops and restaurants that lay adjacent to the University of Washington's campus. We found breakfast at a small caf? ¦, and omelets and conversation soon banished the earlier awkwardness. Afterward, we wandered idly up University Way, holding hands. I had errands to run, and he had writing to do, yet we were reluctant to part. Seth suddenly stopped walking. â€Å"Georgina.† â€Å"Hmm?† His eyebrows rose as he stared off at something across the street. â€Å"John Cusack is standing over there.† I followed his incredulous gaze to where a man very like Mr. Cusack did indeed stand, smoking a cigarette as he leaned against a building. I sighed. â€Å"That's not John Cusack. That's Jerome.† â€Å"Seriously?† â€Å"Yup. I told you he looked like John Cusack.† â€Å"Keyword: looked. That guy doesn't look like him. That guy is him.† â€Å"Believe me, he's not.† Seeing Jerome's impatient expression, I let go of Seth's hand. â€Å"Be right back.† I crossed the street, and as the distance closed between my boss and me, Jerome's aura washed over my body. All immortals have a unique signature, and a demon like Jerome had an especially strong one. He felt like waves and waves of roiling heat – like when you open an oven and don't stand far enough back. â€Å"Make it fast,† I told him. â€Å"You're ruining my romantic interlude. Like usual.† Jerome dropped the cigarette and put it out with his black Kenneth Cole oxford. He glanced disdainfully around. â€Å"What, here? Come on, Georgie. This isn't romantic. This place isn't even a pit stop on the road to romance.† I put an angry hand on one hip. Whenever Jerome interrupted my personal life, it usually heralded a series of mishaps I'd never wanted to be involved in. Something told me this was no exception. â€Å"What do you want?† â€Å"You.† I blinked. â€Å"What?† â€Å"We've got a meeting tonight. An all staff meeting.† â€Å"When you say ‘all staff', do you mean like all staff?† The last time Seattle's supervising archdemon had gathered everyone in the area together, it had been to inform us that our local imp wasn't â€Å"meeting expectations.† Jerome had let us all tell the imp good-bye and then banished the poor guy off to the fiery depths of Hell. It was kind of sad, but then my friend Hugh had replaced him, so I'd gotten over it. I hoped this meeting wouldn't have a similar purpose. He gave me an annoyed look, one that said I was clearly wasting his time. â€Å"That's the definition of all staff, isn't it?† â€Å"When is it?† â€Å"Seven. At Peter and Cody's. Don't be late. Your presence is essential.† Shit. I hoped this wasn't actually my going away party. I'd been on pretty good behavior lately. â€Å"What's this about?† â€Å"Find out when you get there. Don't be late,† he repeated. Stepping off the main thoroughfare and into the shadow of a building, the demon vanished. A feeling of dread spread through me. Demons were never to be trusted, particularly when they looked like quirky movie stars and issued enigmatic invitations. â€Å"Everything okay?† Seth asked me when I rejoined him. I considered. â€Å"In as much as it ever is.† He wisely chose not to pursue the subject, and he and I eventually separated to take care of our respective tasks. I was dying to know what this meeting could be about but not nearly as much as I wanted to know what had made me lose my energy overnight. And as I ran my errands – groceries, oil change, Macy's – I also found the strange, brief dream replaying in my head. How could such a short dream have been so vivid? And why couldn't I stop thinking about it? The puzzle distracted me so much that seven rolled around without me knowing it. Groaning, I headed off for my friend Peter's place, speeding the whole way. Great. I was going to be late. Even if this meeting didn't concern me and my impending unemployment, I might end up getting a taste of Jerome's wrath after all. About six feet from the apartment door, I felt the hum of immortal signatures. A lot of them. My friends' auras, familiar and beloved, sang to me instantly. A few others gave me pause as I tried to remember who they belonged to; the greater Puget Sound area had a host of hellish employees that I almost never interacted with. One signature I didn't recognize at all. And one†¦one seemed almost familiar. I couldn't quite put my finger on who it belonged to, though. I started to knock, decided an all staff meeting deserved more than jeans and a T-shirt, and shape-shifted my outfit into a brown dress with a low-cut, surplice top. My hair settled into a neat bun. I raised my hand to the door. An annoyed vampire I barely remembered let me in. She inclined her chin to me by way of greeting and then continued her conversation with another vampire I'd only met once. I think they worked out of Tacoma, which as I far as I was concerned might as well be annexed to Hell itself. My friend Hugh, dark-haired with a large frame, paced around while chatting animatedly on his cell phone. Jerome lounged in an armchair with a martini. His little-seen lieutenant demonesses stood in a corner, keeping to themselves as always. Peter and Cody – my good friends and the vampires who lived here – laughed about something in the kitchen with a few other hellish employees I only distantly knew. It could have been an ordinary cocktail party, almost a celebration. I hoped that meant no smiting tonight since that would have really put a damper on the atmosphere. No one had noticed my arrival except for Jerome. â€Å"Ten minutes late,† he growled. â€Å"Hey, it's a fashionable – â€Å" My words were cut off as a tall, Amazonian blonde nearly barreled into me. â€Å"Oh! You must be Georgina! I've been dying to meet you.† I raised my eyes past spandex-clad double-D breasts and up into big blue eyes with impossibly long lashes. A huge set of beauty pageant teeth smiled down at me. My moments of speechlessness were few, but they did happen. This walking Barbie doll was a succubus. A really new one. So shiny and new, in fact, it was a wonder she didn't squeak. I recognized her age both from her signature and her appearance. No succubus with any sense would have shape-shifted into that. She was trying too hard, haphazardly piling together an assortment of pseudo male-fantasy body parts. It left her with a Frankensteinian creation that was both jaw-dropping and probably anatomically impossible. Unaware of my astonishment and disdain, she took my hand and nearly broke it in a mammoth handshake. â€Å"I can't wait to work with you,† she continued. â€Å"I am so ready to make men everywhere suffer.† I finally found my voice. â€Å"Who†¦who are you?† â€Å"She's your new best friend,† a voice nearby said. â€Å"My, my look at you. Tawny's going to have a tough standard to keep up with.† A man elbowed his way toward us, and whatever curiosity I'd felt in the other succubus' presence disappeared like ashes in the wind. I forgot she was even there. My stomach twisted into knots as I ID'd the mystery signature. Cold sweat broke out along the back of my neck and seeped into the delicate fabric of the dress. The guy approaching was about as tall as me – which wasn't tall – and had a dark, olive-toned complexion. There was more pomade on his head than black hair. His suit was nice – definitely not off the rack. A thin-lipped smile spread over his face at my dumbstruck discomfiture. â€Å"Little Letha, all grown up and out to play with the adults, eh?† He spoke low, voice pitched for my ears alone. Now, in the grand scheme of things, immortals like me had little to fear in this world. There were, however, three people I feared immensely. One of them was Lilith the Succubus Queen, a being of such formidable power and beauty that I would have sold my soul – again – for one kiss. Someone else who scared me was a nephilim named Roman. He was Jerome's half-human son and had good reason to want to hunt me down and destroy me some day. The third person who filled me with fear was this man standing before me. His name was Niphon, and he was an imp, just like my friend Hugh. And, like all imps, Niphon really only had two jobs. One was to run administrative errands for demons. The other, his primary one, was to make contracts with mortals, brokering and buying souls for Hell. And he was the imp who had bought mine.

Negative Effects Of Corporal Punishment - 1273 Words

Corporal punishment is a type of negative reinforcement, something that has close to no positive effect on children; it also discourages integrity and does not prepare them for adulthood. Knowing this information, there is no justification for using violent punishment on children. However, there will still be some people who believe they need to hit their kids; it’s difficult to defy what we have been raised to believe. It does become substantially easier, though, once one is educated about the harm corporal punishment has on the psychological wellbeing of children and adults alike. There are four classes of antisocial behavior: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of†¦show more content†¦Since there is no way of telling whether or not one’s child is going to respond to corporal punishment in this way, it is better for parents not to take such a risk with a life as precious as a child’s. Taking said risk - if the parents are knowledgeable of the possible consequences - is incredibly irresponsible. It not only harms individual children, but when caregivers do this collectively, it harms society as a whole. An increased population of people displaying antisocial behaviors means more crime throughout that population, and that shouldn’t be surprising. Children who are subjected to corporal punishment are more likely to believe that violence is a valid means of solving problems (Smith). This violent behavior can affect adults in several settings, including marriage. In today’s modern society, we recognize that intentionally harming a spouse is completely unacceptable. However, this was not always the case. The abuse of a wife used to be considered a form of corporal punishment. These beliefs were not just backed by men’s popular opinions or religion, the law was on the side of the abusers. According to Vivian C. Fox, â€Å"Legal guidelines allowed a husband’s instrument of correction to be as thick as a man’s thumb† (20). This is what we know today as the rule of thumb. In America, legalized violence continued against women up until the early 1900s. In 1910, a woman was not allowed to sue her husband for assault because it would â€Å"open the doors of theShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe main purpose of my essay is to illustrate the negative impact of corporal punishment, using my experience in Nigeria as a case study. I think the essay is tightly focused as I specifically talked about how corporal punishment negatively impacts people’s pain coping mechanisms. The theme I developed was corporal punishment as a vaccine for pain. There is a clear shape to my essay beginning, middle and end. The first paragraph serves as an introduction/thesis statement, the second paragraph aRead MoreNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment954 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been countless studies done on whether corporal punishment actually works, or if it, in fact, is instead causing long-term adverse effects. Corporal punishment today is seen less and less with this new generations parents. Corporal punishment was mainly seen in parenting before the 2000s. Cloud (2009) states that sociologist, Murray Straus, found that in a 1968 survey that had taken place, 94% of Americans agreed that corporal punishment was seen as an acceptable form of discipline. ThisRead MoreNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment1843 Words   |  8 Pagesmake better choices. Only, after spanking them, their behavior worsens. The effect you thought spanking them would have is not working. They act out more, get more aggressive. A debate has risen, as scenarios such as this become more talked about. Some say corporal punishment is damaging psychologically and negatively impacts childhood development. So the question has to be asked: â€Å"Is spanking bad?† Corporal Punishment of Children: Changing the Culture† by David Isaacs was published in 2011 in theRead MoreEffects of Corporal Punishment on Children When Used in the Home1354 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Corporal Punishment on Children When Used in the Home Discussion about corporal punishment is everywhere. It is in the news and in the home, and in education on what is punishment and what is abuse is beginning to rise. Corporal punishment has been used as a disciplinary tool for parents throughout all of Americas history (Gershoff, 2002, p. 1). However, the definition of what corporal punishment actually is, is still unclear to some people and parents. In Wendy Walshs essay, SpankerRead MorePositive Effects Of Corporal Punishment1174 Words   |  5 PagesGershoff’s article talks only about a few positive effects of corporal punishment which include immediate compliance, prevention of future misbehavior, and moral internalization. Corporal punishment is often seen as ineffective and as having negative results in children’s development including developing of aggressive behaviors, harming parent-child relationships, and damaging mental health. Mediational processes are inevitable consequences of corporal punishment wh en administered to children; a few of themRead MoreCorporal Punishment and the Effects of Its Usage757 Words   |  3 PagesCorporal Punishment and the effects of its usage Corporal punishment is the ability to make physical contact as a form of punishment for reprimanding ones behavior. Corporal punishment versus positive reinforcement while they both serve their purpose corporal punishment is known to be more effective. The most common form of disciplining has always been either a spanking, corporal punishment has been dated all the way back to biblical times. Now the corporal punishment that occurred during biblicalRead MoreThe Case Against Spanking By Brendan L. Smith910 Words   |  4 Pagesresearchers has described that physical abuse and spanking can lead to some serious effects in children. Physical punishment can lead to aggression, antisocial behavior, and other negative effects physically and emotionally. The research and studies have found evidence of abuse to children in short-terms and long-terms. The physical discipline has been viewed as a violation of Children’s Human Rights. Physical punishment of children became a taboo in 30 countries this legal ban is used only as publicRead More Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal Punishment in Schools I wrote this paper for Contemporary Moral Issues class. This was an assignment of our choice and I chose to do this topic, because the week before in Intro to Education we had discussed discipline methods and I was astonished to learn that corporal punishment still existed in schools. I am hoping that by including this piece of work on my webfolio others will become aware that corporal punishment is alive and used often in our schools. In theRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China and JapanRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools Should Be Abolished1125 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal punishment in schools should be abolished Corporal punishment has been used in schools as a way of handling disciplinary problems. It refers to school rules which allow students to be punished using physical pain without causing injury. It is believed that using punitive method can promote students’ obedience and reduce problematic behaviour. As a result, it can decrease the number of disciplinary cases and maintain order inside the classroom. Indirectly, it will help to build students’

The Black Death Hit The Shores Of Europe - 983 Words

The Black Death hit the shores of Europe in October 1347. After a long a tough journey, through the Black Sea, twelve ships or Genoese docked at the Sicilian Port. Those who greeted the ships had a horrifying site of dead sailors and the sailors who were alive were greatly ill. It is said that the sailors had awful fevers, were not able to keep food down, and they were covered in black boils that oozed blood and puss. This is where the name Black Death came from. Although the ships were ordered to leave the port, the Black Death claimed the lives of over 20 million people, about one third of the continent’s population during that time, over the next five year.1 In October 1347, twelve ships arrived at the port of Messina in Sicily. This town was one of the stopping points of the trade route from the East that brought silks and spices through the Old Silk Road, then through Crimea, across the Black Sea and into Europe. However, this time there were no silks and spices. The port authorities found scarcely anyone on board. Those who were found on board, had black boils and everything that came out of their body smelled awful. The very presence of the sailors was said to â€Å"deem public health† and were ordered to leave the port.2 The Black Death has been thought to be a mixture of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague. A plague is a disease that are carried by rodents and is endemic to a number of regions of the world. The plague bacillus lives in the bloodstream of smallShow MoreRelatedThe Black Death, Dulce N. Parra1533 Words   |  7 Pages The Black Death Dulce N. Parra Period 3 â€Æ' Through the years of 1347 and 1350, a terrible plague took over Europe. In those three years, the plague killed approximately 25 million people or one-third of Europe’s population. Not one family did not lose a family member to the plague. About one hundred people died daily, and mostly of them were never buried in a proper manner. 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Sudden Death In Epilepsy Researchers Finger Possible Cause by Article

Essays on Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause by Couzin-Frankel Article The paper "Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause by Couzin-Frankel" is a good example of an article on medical science. Couzin-Frankel authored the article titled â€Å"Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause† and in this article, the author talks about research that helped in identifying the shutting down of the brain stem can cause death amongst patients experiencing epilepsy. For years physicians have no idea what were the causes of sudden death amongst patients experiencing epilepsy. Sudden death is most common amongst patients who experience seizures which are quite severe in nature. The author states that it has been estimated that more than 3000 individuals who are patients of epilepsy are experiencing sudden death. The author has even reported previous studies that have identified that a patient who experiences sudden death even experienced the collapse of their entire cardiorespiratory system and their brain functionality even was found to be stopped. The authors state that the researchers were not convinced with the idea that the collapse of the cardiorespiratory system caused sudden death and there must be something else that was causing the failure of the system. In order to find the connection, researchers performed an experiment in which mice went through mutations of the potassium ion channel gene as well as mutations in the sodium ion channel gene and these mice were induced with seizures. The outcome of this experiment was that mice experienced depolarization of the region called brain stem and it damaged one of the most important brain tissues that were in control of the smooth functioning of breath as well as heart and this caused sudden death.

The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing Free Essays

The role of Alan Turing in the history of computing Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, Paddington, London. He was a true pioneer in computer science and if it were not for this man, no one would probably be typing an essay based on him on a modern computer. He is renowned for his passion of mathematics and the invention of the Turing machine/test, breaking the German enigma code during World War One, and for making the first automated computing machine (the ACE). We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now At an early age he was sent to preparatory school by his parents, he attended these until enrolling at Sherbourne in 1926. His teachers there were surprised to find him working through the long way for the answers to questions, after Sherbourne Turing enrolled at King’s College where he became a mathematics scholar in 1931 where he began his studies in maths and logistics. He was elected at King’s and won the Smith’s award in 1936 for a paper he wrote on the â€Å"Gaussian error function†, this is when he began work to develop The Turing Machine. Copeland, 2004) But later in 1936 he moved to the United States to study at Princeton for two years where he studied the theory of computation and in 1937 presented a paper called â€Å"On computable numbers, with an application to the â€Å"Entscheidungs problem† and soon to challenge David Hilbert’s three questions put forward to the best of the mathematical minds, which were; Was maths complete? Was maths constant? , was maths decidable? (Hodges, 1992; Copeland 2004). Though his work on the Entscheidungs problem he began working on to define what a method was, and through that he came up with the Turing machine theory which can be said to be a mechanical process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform this theory compares human thought processes to that of a machine, which in the Turing machine theory are categorized as terms of inputs, outputs and machine states. The Turing machine is a simple computer. It’s limited to a logical set of instructions by reading and writing symbols on a tape and moving the tape one step to the left or right and then look at what’s written in the resulting square, each symbol had a specific way to be turned into a new symbol e. g. if the symbol is a â€Å"0† move it two spaces right and turn it into a â€Å"1†. So a algorithm for a calculation the list of instructions are quite long, but the complexity of instructions are very short. The Turing Machine at the time was the only one designed to perform multiple tasks and functions. Turing’s vision was what we currently use today as a modern computer (Copeland, 2012). Soon after this period World War two began and the Polish were bracing themselves from an invasion from the Germans, When Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski attempted to break the German enigma machine which is a mechanical ciphering machine which had the purpose of a message only being read and understood by the receiver. Marian made the polish bomby which works like a combination of many enigma machines e. g. if SAW stood for GJK then both would be put in the bomby and every possible combination would be sorted through and would stop when a possible match was found, this worked well until 1938 when Germany added two more rotors to the Enigma (Schmidl, 1998), sadly the Polish had to leave Poland and forced to team up with the English and French and this where Alan Turing’s true genius was put into application and saved hundreds and thousands of lives. Turing then put the Polish’s efforts into action, the British had a lot more resources which consisted of about ten thousand people working on the encoding of the Enigma, Turing created The Turing Bombe which was a lot more efficient than the bomby and it differed in the way that instead of trying to rely on a certain indicator decode a certain message sent, it went after the specific message using word probability. Once the message was solved a ’menu’ was put on the bombe and was then put in its proper setting, was given information and let it run until it matched with the rotors, Three to Seven months later a set of three rotors were place in the scrambler unit, this made the processing a lot faster as the scrambler unit made the current go from the fast, medium then the slow rotor. Eventually the codes made by the Germans became clearer and they lost their advantage in World War two, and the U boats who were sinking the supply ships from America and Canada to Great Britain, could not locate the supply ships for the first 23 days of June 1941 (Kozaczuk, 1984). After World war two Turing went to work for the National Physical Laboratory in 1945 where he made the first plan for the first Automated Computing Machine for the Association for Computing Engineering (the ACE). Unfortunately the ACE was never completed as he moved to the University of Manchester to develop an even more advanced computing machine (MADAM). With all of Turing’s work he had proved David Hilbert wrong with all three questions with the fact that a certain class of mathematical problems which could not be solved by automatic machines and had introduced the concept of a single theoretical universal computing machine, which of course is now known as the Turing Machine. In 1947 he tried to find out if there was any relationship with computers and nature and Turing was certain that by about the year 2050 that a thinking machine would mimic the thoughts of a human and it was in 1949 he published a paper called â€Å"intelligent machines† (Copeland, 2005) Alan Turing passed away on 7 June 1954, he was found in his bed with an half eaten apple beside his bed, which was apparently dipped in cyanide on purpose by himself so he could commit suicide as he was supposedly depressed after being found guilty of homosexuality by the British courts. But there is little evidence to support this theory of Turing committing suicide (Pease, 2012). Bibliography Schmidl, H. , (1998) On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption http://www. cs. miami. edu/~harald/enigma/index. html Kozaczuk, W. (1984), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, (2nd ed. ), Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America. Hodges, A. , (1992), Alan Turing: the enigma, London: Burnett Books. P. 26-34. Copeland, B. J. , (2004) The Essential Turing. Oxford: Oxford University Press Pease, R. , Alan Turing: Inquest’s suicide verdict ‘not supportable’ (June 26,2012). , BBC News, science and envi ronment. Copeland, B. J. , Alan Turing. net, the Turing archive for the history of computing (2012). How to cite The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing, Papers The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing Free Essays The role of Alan Turing in the history of computing Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, Paddington, London. He was a true pioneer in computer science and if it were not for this man, no one would probably be typing an essay based on him on a modern computer. He is renowned for his passion of mathematics and the invention of the Turing machine/test, breaking the German enigma code during World War One, and for making the first automated computing machine (the ACE). We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now At an early age he was sent to preparatory school by his parents, he attended these until enrolling at Sherbourne in 1926. His teachers there were surprised to find him working through the long way for the answers to questions, after Sherbourne Turing enrolled at King’s College where he became a mathematics scholar in 1931 where he began his studies in maths and logistics. He was elected at King’s and won the Smith’s award in 1936 for a paper he wrote on the â€Å"Gaussian error function†, this is when he began work to develop The Turing Machine. Copeland, 2004) But later in 1936 he moved to the United States to study at Princeton for two years where he studied the theory of computation and in 1937 presented a paper called â€Å"On computable numbers, with an application to the â€Å"Entscheidungs problem† and soon to challenge David Hilbert’s three questions put forward to the best of the mathematical minds, which were; Was maths complete? Was maths constant? , was maths decidable? (Hodges, 1992; Copeland 2004). Though his work on the Entscheidungs problem he began working on to define what a method was, and through that he came up with the Turing machine theory which can be said to be a mechanical process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform this theory compares human thought processes to that of a machine, which in the Turing machine theory are categorized as terms of inputs, outputs and machine states. The Turing machine is a simple computer. It’s limited to a logical set of instructions by reading and writing symbols on a tape and moving the tape one step to the left or right and then look at what’s written in the resulting square, each symbol had a specific way to be turned into a new symbol e. g. if the symbol is a â€Å"0† move it two spaces right and turn it into a â€Å"1†. So a algorithm for a calculation the list of instructions are quite long, but the complexity of instructions are very short. The Turing Machine at the time was the only one designed to perform multiple tasks and functions. Turing’s vision was what we currently use today as a modern computer (Copeland, 2012). Soon after this period World War two began and the Polish were bracing themselves from an invasion from the Germans, When Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski attempted to break the German enigma machine which is a mechanical ciphering machine which had the purpose of a message only being read and understood by the receiver. Marian made the polish bomby which works like a combination of many enigma machines e. g. if SAW stood for GJK then both would be put in the bomby and every possible combination would be sorted through and would stop when a possible match was found, this worked well until 1938 when Germany added two more rotors to the Enigma (Schmidl, 1998), sadly the Polish had to leave Poland and forced to team up with the English and French and this where Alan Turing’s true genius was put into application and saved hundreds and thousands of lives. Turing then put the Polish’s efforts into action, the British had a lot more resources which consisted of about ten thousand people working on the encoding of the Enigma, Turing created The Turing Bombe which was a lot more efficient than the bomby and it differed in the way that instead of trying to rely on a certain indicator decode a certain message sent, it went after the specific message using word probability. Once the message was solved a ’menu’ was put on the bombe and was then put in its proper setting, was given information and let it run until it matched with the rotors, Three to Seven months later a set of three rotors were place in the scrambler unit, this made the processing a lot faster as the scrambler unit made the current go from the fast, medium then the slow rotor. Eventually the codes made by the Germans became clearer and they lost their advantage in World War two, and the U boats who were sinking the supply ships from America and Canada to Great Britain, could not locate the supply ships for the first 23 days of June 1941 (Kozaczuk, 1984). After World war two Turing went to work for the National Physical Laboratory in 1945 where he made the first plan for the first Automated Computing Machine for the Association for Computing Engineering (the ACE). Unfortunately the ACE was never completed as he moved to the University of Manchester to develop an even more advanced computing machine (MADAM). With all of Turing’s work he had proved David Hilbert wrong with all three questions with the fact that a certain class of mathematical problems which could not be solved by automatic machines and had introduced the concept of a single theoretical universal computing machine, which of course is now known as the Turing Machine. In 1947 he tried to find out if there was any relationship with computers and nature and Turing was certain that by about the year 2050 that a thinking machine would mimic the thoughts of a human and it was in 1949 he published a paper called â€Å"intelligent machines† (Copeland, 2005) Alan Turing passed away on 7 June 1954, he was found in his bed with an half eaten apple beside his bed, which was apparently dipped in cyanide on purpose by himself so he could commit suicide as he was supposedly depressed after being found guilty of homosexuality by the British courts. But there is little evidence to support this theory of Turing committing suicide (Pease, 2012). Bibliography Schmidl, H. , (1998) On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption http://www. cs. miami. edu/~harald/enigma/index. html Kozaczuk, W. (1984), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, (2nd ed. ), Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America. Hodges, A. , (1992), Alan Turing: the enigma, London: Burnett Books. P. 26-34. Copeland, B. J. , (2004) The Essential Turing. Oxford: Oxford University Press Pease, R. , Alan Turing: Inquest’s suicide verdict ‘not supportable’ (June 26,2012). , BBC News, science and envi ronment. Copeland, B. J. , Alan Turing. net, the Turing archive for the history of computing (2012). How to cite The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing, Essay examples

Performed on the Waffy Biscuit Products

Question: Describe about the case study is performed on the Waffy biscuit products? Answer: Introduction As the average customer has been educated and become more conscious about the quality of the products bought by them, the concern of the quality standards to be followed by the companies of the products has also been increasing. The quality standards can be investigated and analysed through quality engineering techniques. Product Waffy Chocolate is the product selected for the quality engineering report. Waffy Chocolate is one of the flavours of the waffies produced and sold by Dukes, India. Dukes makes the Waffy products, in addition to many other products, like chocolates, confectionaries, newbies. The product is marketed and sold also, as gift packs that are best suitable for the birthday parties and other kinds of parties for the children as well as the adults and teenagers. The company offers the Waffy, Chocolate with various offers and the offer that is presently available, at the time of the consideration of the product for the quality engineering case study is the buy 1 get 1 offer. The offer allows the customer to get one Waffy free of cost, when one Waffy is bought. And at the same time, if the customer chooses to buy only one or only one Waffy is left in the rack of the shop, it would be sold for half of the cost. The company uses the selling strategy of buy 1 get 1 to attract more customers to buy the Waffies. Company Dukes, India has a tag line, Energy Unlimited and wishes to become a consistent source of sweet Delight. The company is taken to the greater heights, by channelizing its boundless energy to make the products that are universally accepted, satisfying and appealing and the product to under the universal banner of quality food. The company was started before two decades, on the name of Ravi Foods Pvt. Ltd, and created its niche in food segment called processed foods. The diversified foods have the customers within the mother country and also outside the mother country. The company successfully runs with 12 plants installed and working in India. Quality Concern The product, Waffy with chocolate flavour is nicely packed with fancy and elegant looking pack. The size is also bigger and it attracts the customer for more valued food content present in the pack. Since the product is offered with special offer, like buy 1 get 1, the customer becomes a little sceptic about the quality as well as the quantity of the product. However, as a standard company, following all the norms of the quality related to the product, it is important that whatever is specified on the pack must be justified. This quality engineering report on Waffy with chocolate flavour assess the quality factors, majorly on the weight of the overall product as well as the individual pieces of the product that in combination should be equal to the weight of the overall net weight of the product. Quality Assessment To conduct the quality assessment of the Waffy wafers, produced and marketed by Dukes, the weight of the overall wafer and each of the wafer in the packet are measured to check whether the sum of the all the wafers in the packet is equal to the net weight of the overall packet. Measurement Systems Analysis The measurement system analysis helps to assess the overall measurement system adequacy for specific application. When the process outputs are considered, there are two kinds of variation sources called, Measurement system variation, which is considerably large, when it is compared to the other one, however this system many not provide the complete and useful information needed Part to part variation Before the data is collected from the processes, the measurement system analysis is to be performed for confirming that the measurement made by the measurement system is consistent, accurate and can determine the discrimination among all the parts, chosen in the measurement. The measurement systems analysis is performed to find the answers for the following questions. Will the measurement system be discriminate between various parts, adequately? Can the measurement system be stable for over a period of time? Can the measurement system be accurate for the entire range of the parts? Assessment Procedure Two Waffy wafers are taken and the total weight of the packet is measured. The total weight is compared with the net weight printed on the packet of Wafers. Then the packet is opened and each of the wafer is measured accurately. Before the wafer is measured, the digital display is to be adjusted to zero, initially and the plate or base of the weighing machine has to be levelled horizontally. Phase 1 Now, the first Waffy packet is given to the operator 1 and the second packet is given to the operator 2. Initially, the operator 1 measures the overall weight and the individual wafer weight of the first packet and notes down all the readings shown in the weighing machine. Similarly, the candidate 2 weight the overall Waffy packet 2, both for the overall weight of the packet as well as the individual wafer of the packet and notes down all the readings shown in the weighing machine. Phase 2 In the phase 2, the Waffy packets are to be exchanged between the operator 1 and operator 2. After exchanging the wafer packets, again the same procedure has to be followed. The operator 1 weighs the weight of the Waffy packet 2 and the operator 2 weighs the Waffy packet 1 and again each of the findings of the readings must be noted on the paper, as before. The results of weights of each of the wafer from each of the packet are taken and considered as inputs to calculate RR percentage. The calculation should reveal the variation of the weight of the product, between the actual weight and the weight printed on the Waffy packet. If there is any variation, the extent of variation has to be calculated. The variation has to be analysed by drawing X and Y bars. The chart should show the variation between the weight after the manufacturing process and weight after the product is bought and consumed. Aim The aim of the quality engineering assessment for the Waffy chocolate flavour is to assess the quality standards followed by the company, in providing the accurate weight and so quantity, which is again one of the quality factors, which are set expectations to the customers. Objectives The objective of quality engineering assessment of the Waffy chocolate flavour product is to investigate the standards of quality of manufacturing process, in terms of producing and packing the wafers up to the weight determined by the company and investigates the variation if any. The final analysis is done on the basis of the results obtained from the Gage RR analysis and the control chart. Manufacturing Process The manufacturing process of the Waffy, chocolate flavoured waffies is simple and the process is very conventional. The manufacturing process is done in various stages. Dukes processes the manufacturing process of the Waffy biscuits in all its 12 plants installed in India. Stage 1 In the first stage all the ingredients are taken. The major ingredients needed for the Waffy biscuits are strtch, flour, sugr, soda, salt, flavours, preservatives, vanaspati, colors,e tc. During this stage, all the ingredients are procured and collected for the making of the waffy biscuits. Stage 2 These ingredients are taken in large amounts. As the first part or phase of the manufacturing process, the flour is taken and it is mixed with the starch, salt, soda and others with the water. After mixing the ingredients, a mixer and paste are formed. Stage 3 The paste is then taken into moulds. These moulds are pre-heated to some degrees of temperature already. The moulds are shaped in such a way that the wafers are produced in a particular shape after the process of baking. Stage 4 Then the cream is prepared. For the preparation of the cream, sugar, essence, colours, sugar and flavours are required. The cream is prepared in the planetary mixer. Stage 5 After the wafers and the cream are prepared, the following stage is to spread the cream that is prepared on the wafers. After the cream is pread on the wafer, the wafer is then sandwitched with another wafer. Stage 6 After the entire product is made, the sheets of the large wafer is cut to the required sizes. Stage 7 As th final stage, the wafers that are cut would be packed in the pre-determined size of the packets for the wafers. Gage RR Analysis Gage RR is one of the measurement system analysis techniques that makes use of the ANOVA or Analysis of Variance for Repeatability and Reproducibility. The technique can be applied not only for the gauges or gages, but also for various kinds of test methods, measuring instruments and other measuring systems. The Gage RR measures the variability amount that is induced right in the measurements, by the very measurement system. It compares the total variability found in determining the measurement system viability. According to the practicalities of the measured systems, there are many factors that affect the measurement system, as the following. Measuring instruments Test methods Operators Specifications Specimens or parts. The measurement or precision has importantly The two important aspects that are determined through Gage RR are, Repeatability that measures the variation resulted by a single operator or by a single instrument to measure the same product, measured under the same conditions. Reproducibility that is the measure of the same product that replicate the specimen, and this variation induced is measured when multiple operators or multiple laboratories or multiple instruments measure Need for the Gage RR study The study of Gage RR is used to compare the variation of the measurement system to the total process tolerance or variation. When a crossed Gage RR is used for the study, it can answer many questions, as follows. Whether the measurement system variability is small, when compared to the variability of the manufacturing process? Whether the measurement system variability is small, when compared with the limits of the process specification? How much the variability from the measurement system would be caused from the differences among the operators? Whether the measurement system would be able to discriminate among the parts? The measurement done for the Waffy biscuits has the following elements considered. Reproducibility for appraiser variation Repeatability for instrument variation Actual variation part as part to part variation The Gage RR analysis evaluates the appraisers and instrument contribution in the process of measurement. The analysis helps to resolve the data collected in terms of part to part variation and the corresponding measurement process of it. Product And Measurement Product Figure 1: The Waffy product from Dukes Measurements The packet consists of two slots covered with plastic wrapper. And the two slots are again packed with a small box, made of hard paper. So, the Waffies are covered in three layers, a plastic wrapper, paper wrapper and the final wrapper outside. Figure: Neutral Indication Figure: Total weight of the Waffy Figure: Weight of One Slot Figure: Weight of One Waffy The total weight of the Waffy = 92.498 g The net weight of the Waffies are given over the pack = 75 g the weight of the slot 1 = 40.784 g the weight of the slot 2 = 40.390 g and there are total 12 Waffies present in the total two slots. So, the operator 1 has taken the slot 1 with 6 Waffies and slot 2 with 6 Waffies in it for measurement and The operator 2 has taken the slot 1 and slot 2 with each 6 Waffies in them for the measurement initially. Operator 1 Slot 1 2 Measurement Operator 1 Sample Slot 1 Slot 2 Range 1 6.403 6.209 0.194 2 6.543 6.547 -0.004 3 6.094 6.409 -0.315 4 6.83 6.509 0.321 5 6.723 6.237 0.486 6 6.129 6.465 -0.336 Table 1: Slot 1 2 measurement by operator 1 Operator 2 Slot 1 2 Measurement Operator 2 Sample Slot 1 Slot 2 Range 1 6.098 6.192 0.094 2 6.945 6.654 0.291 3 6.439 6.488 0.049 4 6.435 6.439 0.004 5 6.456 6.498 0.042 6 6.851 6.122 0.729 Table 2: Slot 1 2 measurement by operator 2 The data collected for the weight of each of the Waffy present in both the slots and the equations for the Gage RR are calculated with the help of the spreadsheet. R = Average range measured by Operator 1 and Operator 2 = 0.003 g X a = Average Waffy measured by Operator 1 = 6.451 g X b = Average Waffy measured by Operator 2 = 6.468 g X diff = Xa Xb = -0.0164 g For net specified measurement is 75 g And there are 12 Waffies in the packet. So, the average weight of the Waffy = 75 / 12 = 6.25 and when the tolerance considered is 3%, then the Upper Specification Limit = 6.25 * 0.03 + 6.25 = 6.25 + 0.1875 = 6.4375 Lower Specification Limit = 6.25 - 6.25 * 0.03 = 6.0625 n = no. of samples taken = 12 t = no. of trials = 2 Repeatability = R * 4.56 = 0.129 * 4.56 = 0.0163 Repeat Percentage (%) = [Repeat / (USL LSL) ] * 100 = 4.357 Where, k = 3.65 = 0.060 Reproducibility percentage (%) = [ Reproducibility / (USL LSL) ] * 100 = 15.954 RR percentage (%) = = 16.538 The quality standard of the product of any company can be analysed through RR results and the standards are analysed as the following. If RR% 10%, the quality standard is good the product is world-class product If RR% 30%, the quality standard is acceptable and the product needs improvement, wherever possible If RR% 30%, the quality standard is poor and it is not acceptable The same calculations performed as shown in the spreadsheet. Operator 1 Operator 2 Sample Slot 1 Slot 2 Range Slot 1 Slot 2 Range 1 6.989 6.929 0.06 6.098 6.192 0.094 2 6.198 6.547 -0.349 6.945 6.654 0.291 3 6.094 6.409 -0.315 6.439 6.488 0.049 4 6.121 6.509 -0.388 6.435 6.439 0.004 5 6.723 6.434 0.289 6.456 6.498 0.042 6 6.002 6.465 -0.463 6.851 6.122 0.729 mean 6.3545 6.548833333 -0.194333333 6.537333333 6.398833333 0.2015 R= 0.003583333 Xa= 6.451666667 Xb= 6.468083333 Xdiff= -0.016416667 USL= 6.4375 LSL 6.0625 n= 12 t= 2 Repeat % = 4.357333333 Reproducibility = 0.060 Reprod. % = 15.954 RR % = 16.538 Table 3: Gage RR So, the final Gage RR percentage is 16.538, which is more than 10% and less than 30%. So, the quality standards of the product acceptable, but needs improvement wherever possible. Analysis With The Minitab Analysis of variance or ANOVA procedure is used by Minitab for calculating the variance components. And it uses the components for estimation of the variation of the percentage occurred from the measuring system. The variation of the percentage can be obtained from the Gage RR table. The table used for the ANOVA table is a two-way ANOVA table. The table includes the part, operator-by part interaction and also the operator. R Chart The R-chart is used for evaluation of the repeatability that is resulted in a process. Each of the point specified and pointed in the R-chart is the representation of the measurements made by the operators. In case any of the point falls far away from the control limit, the measurement is considered as that the operator finds it difficulty to measure the same piece or Waffy again, especially, as a contestant manner. Such operator measurement issues can be corrected after identification, while the measurement is being done. Xbar Chart Each of the point shown in the Xbar chart represents the variation of the part to part, according to the data given in the data set as results. It is easy to identify that most of the weights measured by the operators, fluctuate from the reference point called the control limits. The control limit in this case is also called as the blind zone of the respective equipment used. As a result of that, the measuring instrument could not differentiate various parts that are measured. In such cases, the measuring instrument, here in this case, the weighing machine to be effective, the pointed values are better to be out from the control limit or the blind zone to the possible extent. The identical patterns are also to be observed in this analysis, from the graph of the operator. It is because, it can represent the overall mean of the measured values from the data set given or entered. Figure 2: R chart and X bar Components Variation The chart shown for the component variation clues us regarding the variation in measurement when the same item is weighed at another instance. So, the measured value of the Waffy, when measured by the operator 1 does vary to the weight measured by the operator 2. The chart also clues us the overall components that would in turn result and contribute in the variation of the measurement data set. The more the difference between one to another part, the contribution is more to the overall variation, when compared to the other components, like repeatability, reproducibility or gage RR. Analysis Of Process Capability The process capability analysis is one of the statistical analysis methods that have the objective of comparing the outputs obtained from the in-control processes against the limits specified by using capability indices. The comparison can be obtained from the ratio of the spread that is found in between the specifications of the processes to the processs actual spread values. Conclusion The case study is performed on the Waffy biscuit products, manufactured and produced by Dukes company in India. The quality analysis of the Wafffy biscuit product is done on the basis of Gage RR. The product is Waffy and the company is Dukes. The quality concern that is considered for the case study is discussed followed by a quality assessment. A brief details about the measurement system analysis is done. Later the assessment procedure through which the assessment is conducted is discussed in various phases. Later the aim and objective of the case study is reported, which is to perform Gage RR for the selected products. The manufacturing product of the Wafffy biscuits by the company is detailed of how the Waffies are made in various stages. A detailed Gage RR analysis is discussed followed by the calculations performed based on the data collected through measurement of the weights of the Waffies. The analysis is further extended by using the software, Minitab, in which the R chart and X bar and component analysis is done and finally all the analysis reports are presented. 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